| Section |
Topics |
| General Topics |
Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept and stoichiometry) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralization, and displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, morality, and normality. |
| States of Matter: Gases and Liquids |
Gas laws and ideal gas equation, the absolute scale of temperature; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Diffusion of gases. Intermolecular interactions: types, distance dependence, and their effect on properties; Liquids: vapor pressure, surface tension, viscosity. |
| Atomic Structure |
Bohr model, the spectrum of hydrogen atom; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom: Energies, quantum numbers, wave function and probability density (plots only), shapes of s, p, and d orbitals; Aufbau principle; Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. |
| Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure |
Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p, and d orbitals only; Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species (up to Ne2); Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment; VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral). |
| Chemical Thermodynamics |
Intensive and extensive properties, state functions, First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work (pressure-volume only) and heat; Enthalpy, heat capacity, standard state, Hess’s law; Enthalpy of reaction, fusion and vapourization, and lattice enthalpy; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Gibbs energy; Criteria of equilibrium and spontaneity. |
| Chemical and Ionic Equilibrium |
Law of mass action; Significance of ȟܩ and ȟܩ ٓin chemical equilibrium; Equilibrium constant (Kp and Kc) and reaction quotient, Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of concentration, temperature, and pressure); Solubility product and its applications, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts. |
| Electrochemistry |
Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Electrochemical work, Nernst equation; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells; Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law; Batteries: Primary and Secondary, fuel cells; Corrosion. |
| Chemical Kinetics |
Rates of chemical reactions; Order and molecularity of reactions; Rate law, rate constant, half-life; Differential and integrated rate expressions for zero and first order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation and activation energy); Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism. |
| Solid State |
Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, α, β, γ), the close-packed structure of solids (cubic and hexagonal), packing in fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbors, ionic radii and radius ratio, point defects. |
| Solutions |
Henry’s law; Raoult’s law; Ideal solutions; Colligative properties: lowering of vapor pressure, the elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure; can’t Hoff factor. |
| Surface Chemistry |
Elementary concepts of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption, Freundlich adsorption isotherm; Colloids: types, methods of preparation, and general properties; Elementary ideas of emulsions, surfactants, and micelles (only definitions and examples). |
| Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties |
Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table; electronic configuration of elements; periodic trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, electronegativity, and chemical reactivity. |
| Hydrogen |
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent, and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use, and structure; hydrogen as a fuel. |
| s-Block Elements |
Alkali and alkaline earth metals-reactivity towards the air, water, dihydrogen, halogens, acids; their reducing nature including solutions in liquid ammonia; uses of these elements; general characteristics of their oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids; anomalous behavior of lithium and beryllium; preparation, properties, and uses of compounds of sodium (sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate) and calcium (calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate). |
| p-Block Elements |
Oxidation state and trends in chemical reactivity of elements of groups 13-17; anomalous properties of boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine with respect to other elements in their respective groups. Group 13: Reactivity towards acids, alkalis, and halogens; preparation, properties, and uses of borax, orthoboric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums; uses of boron and aluminum. Group 14: Reactivity towards water and halogen; allotropes of carbon and uses of carbon; preparation, properties, and uses of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silicon dioxide, silicones, silicates, zeolites. Group 15: Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and halogen; allotropes of phosphorous; preparation, properties, and uses of dinitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride; oxides of nitrogen and oxoacids of phosphorus. Group 16: Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and halogen; simple oxides; allotropes of sulfur; preparation/manufacture, properties, and uses of dioxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid; oxoacids of sulfur. Group 17: Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and metals; preparation/manufacture, properties, and uses of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and interhalogen compounds; oxoacids of halogens, bleaching powder. Group 18: Chemical properties and uses; compounds of xenon with fluorine and oxygen. |
| d-Block Elements |
Oxidation states and their stability; standard electrode potentials; interstitial compounds; alloys; catalytic properties; applications; preparation, structure, and reactions of oxoanions of chromium and manganese. |
| f-Block Elements |
Lanthanoid and actinoid contractions; oxidation states; general characteristics. |
| Coordination Compounds |
Werner’s theory; Nomenclature, cis–trans, and ionization isomerism, hybridization and geometries (linear, tetrahedral, square planar, and octahedral) of mononuclear coordination compounds; Bonding [VBT and CFT (octahedral and tetrahedral fields)]; Magnetic properties (spin-only) and color of 3d-series coordination compounds; Ligands and spectrochemical series; Stability; Importance and applications; Metal carbonyls. |
| Isolation of Metals |
Metal ores and their concentration; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ores: thermodynamic (iron, copper, zinc) and electrochemical (aluminum) principles of metallurgy; cyanide process (silver and gold); refining. |
| Principles of Qualitative Analysis |
Groups I to V (only Ag+ , Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), carbonate and bicarbonate, sulphate and sulphide. |
| Environmental Chemistry |
Atmospheric pollution; water pollution; soil pollution; industrial waste; strategies to control environmental pollution; green chemistry. |
| Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry |
Hybridization of carbon; σ and π-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; aromaticity; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Stereoisomers and stereochemical relationship (enantiomers, diastereomers, meso) of compounds containing only up to two asymmetric centers (R, S, and E, Z configurations excluded); Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds by combustion method only; IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules (hydrocarbons, including simple cyclic hydrocarbons and their mono-functional and bi-functional derivatives only); Hydrogen bonding effects; Inductive, Resonance and Hyperconjugative effects; Acidity and basicity of organic compounds; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure, and stability of carbocations, carbanions, and free radicals. |
| Alkanes |
Homologous series; Physical properties (melting points, boiling points, and density) and effect of branching on them; Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections only); Preparation from alkyl halides and aliphatic carboxylic acids; Reactions: combustion, halogenation (including allylic and benzylic halogenation) and oxidation. |
| Alkenes and Alkynes |
Physical properties (boiling points, density, and dipole moments); Preparation by elimination reactions; Acid-catalyzed hydration (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Metal acetylides; Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX, (X=halogen); Effect of peroxide on addition reactions; cyclic polymerization reaction of alkynes. |
| Benzene |
Structure; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel Crafts alkylation, and acylation; Effect of directing groups (monosubstituted benzene) in these reactions. |
| Phenols |
Physical properties; Preparation, Electrophilic substitution reactions of phenol (halogenation, nitration, sulphonation); Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Kolbe reaction; Esterification; Etherification; Aspirin synthesis; Oxidation and reduction reactions of phenol. |
| Alkyl Halides |
Rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation; Grignard reactions; Nucleophilic substitution reactions and their stereochemical aspects. |
| Alcohols |
Physical properties; Reactions: esterification, dehydration (formation of alkenes and ethers); Reactions with sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, thionyl chloride; Conversion of alcohols into aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. |
| Ethers |
Preparation by Williamson’s synthesis; C-O bond cleavage reactions. |
| Aldehydes and Ketones |
Preparation of: aldehydes and ketones from acid chlorides and nitriles; aldehydes from esters; benzaldehyde from toluene and benzene; Reactions: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction; Haloform reaction; Nucleophilic addition reaction with RMgX, NaHSO3, HCN, alcohol, amine. |
| Carboxylic Acids |
Physical properties; Preparation: from nitriles, Grignard reagents, hydrolysis of esters and amides; Preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzenes; Reactions: reduction, halogenation, formation of esters, acid chlorides, and amides. |
| Amines |
Preparation from nitro compounds, nitriles, and amides; Reactions: Hoffmann bromamide degradation, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis; Reaction with nitrous acid, Azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines; Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; Carbylamine reaction, Hinsberg test, Alkylation and acylation reactions. |
